Raising the CG Bar

District 9's prawn-like aliens, Jurassic World's velociraptors, 's eponymous title character - Image Engine has created some of cinema's most memorable digital characters in recent history. Here the studio reveals the processes that drives these characters, and how its artists continue to push the envelope when it comes to computer-generated creature creation.

How do you bring a dinosaur back from extinction? What schematics do you turn to when building an android capable of human emotion? Where would you begin in the conception and creation of an entire alien race native to a planet far beyond our own?

There aren't many jobs in which you're faced with such challenging questions, but that's day-to-day life at Image Engine - a place where a break and a cup of coffee might be quickly followed with a bout of raising the undead.

Over the past two decades, the studio has been responsible for the creation of all variety of computer-generated life forms, from the large to the small. Whether it's the otherworldly crustaceans populating the world of District 9 or the heroes in a half-shell of Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles, Image Engine artists' dedication to minute detail and a meticulous approach to preparation has ensured that - even when creating police scouts from a dystopian alternate future - a stunning sense of reality is achieved.

Read on to discover how Image Engine toes the line between imagination and reality, delivering larger-than-life creatures that you can almost reach out and touch

Are You Ready?

Image Engine isn't the world's biggest visual effects facility, but it certainly works on some the world's biggest films. As a medium-sized company tackling high-end work for a number of prestigious clients, an ethos rooted in careful preparation is key.

Whatever the project, whatever the creature, we make sure we spend as much time up front to get that digital asset completely production-ready, says Mark Wendell, computer graphics supervisor. While other companies might throw armies of artists at shot work and solve every little rigging issue at shot time, we make a conscious decision to take the investment up front - we pour our efforts from the outset into extra lookdev work, and build our rigs with that extra intelligence.

Jeremy Mesana, animation supervisor, has first-hand experience in this. Our rigs work properly from the get go - we don't have to go back in there and correct pinches and folds in the legs - we're not sculpting 3D for every muscle flex after the fact, he says. It lives on the rig, and it's always there.

This meticulous approach to creature design means that Image Engine assets are totally ready to be animated, integrated into shots, and rendered with very few tweaks necessary.

We build our lookdev and lighting setups so they're completely calibrated against real-life photography and real-life reference, says Wendell. By the time artists get hold of the character, it can do anything they need it do, quickly and efficiently.

A great example of this is the automaton with attitude, Chappie. We spent a huge amount of time working on that character, says Asset Supervisor Barry Poon. Once it was in production, it rarely came back needing higher-resolution geo or textures, or any tweaks to the lookdev to get it to look right in a different shot. We put all the fine details into the model on every square inch of his body, because the camera could go anywhere.

Investing upfront really pays off in the end, he continues. No time is wasted, and our artists' time is spent pushing that last 5 percent, and really making the character feel beautiful, real and perfect.

Create What You Know

Technical preparation is but one element of the overall equation. A good setup is key, but a solid final result also depends on artistic skill, imagination, and - to some extent - limitation.

There's always some desire to make something larger than life, but the more you give in to that, the more you get away from something real that people can relate to, explains Wendell. At Image Engine, we want to create characters people can truly believe in, so we stay grounded in what the creature would actually do. Even when we're creating aliens, we think of these things as real creatures, living in a world of real physics.

As such, the common thread that unites nearly all of Image Engine's creature creations is a foundation in real-world reference - something that grounds these otherwise imaginary creatures in reality.

In Jurassic World, for example, this meant looking to the animal kingdom. Beasts such as alligators, lions, ostriches and even crows were used to create the locomotion and sense of presence exhibited by the film's four ferocious velociraptors.

Bones are always the best starting point when working on something like a raptor, explains Mark Masson, senior creature technical director. They give you an idea of the physical limitations of that creature - much like a robot. When it comes to velociraptors, birds are the closest relatives, like emus and the raven. You can then use their motions to work out muscle structure and so forth. That helps the raptors feel like a physical, tangible part of the environments they exist in.

Royal Execution

The reality of postproduction sometimes means that a prep-heavy workflow isn't achievable - especially when it comes to the world of episodic television. One example of this would be the latest season of Game of Thrones, in which Image Engine was tasked with tackling the iconic reveal of the icy-skinned Night's King.

Production was initially planning on just using an actor in prosthetic make-up - however, when they saw what it looked like on location on a grey day, they realized they needed to enhance the look of the cha

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