Just as there are widely understood empirical laws of nature - for example, what goes up must come down, or every action has an equal and opposite reaction - the field of AI was long defined by a single idea: that more compute, more training data and more parameters makes a better AI model.
However, AI has since grown to need three distinct laws that describe how applying compute resources in different ways impacts model performance. Together, these AI scaling laws - pretraining scaling, post-training scaling and test-time scaling, also called long thinking - reflect how the field has evolved with techniques to use additional compute in a wide variety of increasingly complex AI use cases.
The recent rise of test-time scaling - applying more compute at inference time to improve accuracy - has enabled AI reasoning models, a new class of large language models (LLMs) that perform multiple inference passes to work through complex problems, while describing the steps required to solve a task. Test-time scaling requires intensive amounts of computational resources to support AI reasoning, which will drive further demand for accelerated computing.
What Is Pretraining Scaling? Pretraining scaling is the original law of AI development. It demonstrated that by increasing training dataset size, model parameter count and computational resources, developers could expect predictable improvements in model intelligence and accuracy.
Each of these three elements - data, model size, compute - is interrelated. Per the pretraining scaling law, outlined in this research paper, when larger models are fed with more data, the overall performance of the models improves. To make this feasible, developers must scale up their compute - creating the need for powerful accelerated computing resources to run those larger training workloads.
This principle of pretraining scaling led to large models that achieved groundbreaking capabilities. It also spurred major innovations in model architecture, including the rise of billion- and trillion-parameter transformer models, mixture of experts models and new distributed training techniques - all demanding significant compute.
And the relevance of the pretraining scaling law continues - as humans continue to produce growing amounts of multimodal data, this trove of text, images, audio, video and sensor information will be used to train powerful future AI models.
Pretraining scaling is the foundational principle of AI development, linking the size of models, datasets and compute to AI gains. Mixture of experts, depicted above, is a popular model architecture for AI training. What Is Post-Training Scaling? Pretraining a large foundation model isn't for everyone - it takes significant investment, skilled experts and datasets. But once an organization pretrains and releases a model, they lower the barrier to AI adoption by enabling others to use their pretrained model as a foundation to adapt for their own applications.
This post-training process drives additional cumulative demand for accelerated computing across enterprises and the broader developer community. Popular open-source models can have hundreds or thousands of derivative models, trained across numerous domains.
Developing this ecosystem of derivative models for a variety of use cases could take around 30x more compute than pretraining the original foundation model.
Developing this ecosystem of derivative models for a variety of use cases could take around 30x more compute than pretraining the original foundation model.
Post-training techniques can further improve a model's specificity and relevance for an organization's desired use case. While pretraining is like sending an AI model to school to learn foundational skills, post-training enhances the model with skills applicable to its intended job. An LLM, for example, could be post-trained to tackle a task like sentiment analysis or translation - or understand the jargon of a specific domain, like healthcare or law.
The post-training scaling law posits that a pretrained model's performance can further improve - in computational efficiency, accuracy or domain specificity - using techniques including fine-tuning, pruning, quantization, distillation, reinforcement learning and synthetic data augmentation.
Fine-tuning uses additional training data to tailor an AI model for specific domains and applications. This can be done using an organization's internal datasets, or with pairs of sample model input and outputs.
Distillation requires a pair of AI models: a large, complex teacher model and a lightweight student model. In the most common distillation technique, called offline distillation, the student model learns to mimic the outputs of a pretrained teacher model.
Reinforcement learning, or RL, is a machine learning technique that uses a reward model to train an agent to make decisions that align with a specific use case. The agent aims to make decisions that maximize cumulative rewards over time as it interacts with an environment - for example, a chatbot LLM that is positively reinforced by thumbs up reactions from users. This technique is known as reinforcement learning from human feedback (RLHF). Another, newer technique, reinforcement learning from AI feedback (RLAIF), instead uses feedback from AI models to guide the learning process, streamlining post-training efforts.
Best-of-n sampling generates multiple outputs from a language model and selects the one with the highest reward score based on a reward model. It's often used to improve an AI's outputs without modifying model parameters, offering an alternative to fine-tuning with reinforcement learning.
Search methods explore a range of potential decision paths before selecting a final output. This post-training technique can iteratively improve the model's responses
Most recent headlines
05/01/2027
Worlds first 802.15.4ab-UWB chip verified by Calterah and Rohde & Schwarz to be ...
04/08/2026
Dalet, a leading technology and service provider for media-rich organizations, t...
04/07/2026
April 7 2026, 19:00 (PDT) Detective Conan: Fallen Angel of the Highway Opens in...
01/06/2026
January 6 2026, 05:30 (PST) Dolby Sets the New Standard for Premium Entertainment at CES 2026
Throughout the week, Dolby brings to life the latest innovatio...
13/05/2026
New Adobe Premiere Color Grading Mode Accelerated on NVIDIA GPUs
Joel Pennington May 13, 2026
0 Comments
New NVIDIA RTX-accelerated features streamlin...
13/05/2026
Grass Valley announced that dB Broadcast has delivered new IP-based outside broadcast (OB) trucks for Cloudbass, featuring Grass Valley LDX 100 Series cameras a...
13/05/2026
Ikegami will exhibit the latest additions to its wide range of broadcast production cameras, control units, viewfinders and monitors on stand 5D3-1 at Broadcast...
13/05/2026
FISE, working with the founding members of the XR Sports Alliance (XRSA), Accedo, Qualcomm Technologies, Inc. and HBS, have collaborated to develop an immersive...
13/05/2026
Canon Unveils New EOS R6 V Full-Frame EOS Camera and RF20-50mm F4 L IS USM PZ Bu...
13/05/2026
Boston Conservatory at Berklee Honors Beth Morrison and Moses Pendleton at Comme...
13/05/2026
Share
Copy link
Facebook
X
Linkedin
Bluesky
Email...
13/05/2026
Share
Copy link
Facebook
X
Linkedin
Bluesky
Email...
13/05/2026
Share
Copy link
Facebook
X
Linkedin
Bluesky
Email...
13/05/2026
Share
Copy link
Facebook
X
Linkedin
Bluesky
Email...
13/05/2026
Share
Copy link
Facebook
X
Linkedin
Bluesky
Email...
13/05/2026
Creative software developer Foundry today announced the latest developments on Nuke Stage. A purpose-built application for end-to-end virtual production and in-...
13/05/2026
A definitive portrait of one of Ireland's most influential musicians
New TV documentary airs Monday 18 May on RT One and RT Player at 9.35pm
Watch the...
13/05/2026
Agentic AI is changing the way users get work done. Following the success of OpenClaw, the community is embracing new open source agentic frameworks. The latest...
13/05/2026
Reinforcement-learning agents - AI systems that learn by trial and error - can c...
12/05/2026
Beyond the Hype: A Strategic Post-Hoc Analysis of NAB 2026 If NAB Show 2026 had an underlying theme, it was a quiet, industry-wide pivot from the high-energy sp...
12/05/2026
Guntermann and Drunck (G&D), a Panoptec Technologies Group company, and CT Square, led by Chandresh Shah, have announced a joint venture to distribute G&D and V...
12/05/2026
With 30 days until the start of the FIFA World Cup 2026, Telemundo, the exclusive Spanish-language home of the tournament in the United States, has announced th...
12/05/2026
The NHL has announced the return of Stanley Pup for its third consecutive year, a 90-minute special featuring adoptable rescue dogs competing on a miniature rin...
12/05/2026
NBCUniversal presented its 2026 Upfront to advertisers at Radio City Music Hall, detailing upcoming programming across NBC, Peacock, Bravo, and Versant properti...
12/05/2026
FOX Sports has announced funding for the Fandom and Social Connection Initiative at Harvard Kennedy School's Shorenstein Center on Media, Politics, and Publ...
12/05/2026
TNDV and Live Media, both divisions of Live Media Group, supported live broadcast coverage around NCAA Final Four weekend in Indianapolis, including the March M...
12/05/2026
The European Football Alliance (EFA) has announced a content distribution agreement with Fubo Sports Network, the free ad-supported streaming TV (FAST) channel ...
12/05/2026
For the first time, Spanish-speaking fans in the U.S. will have two separate tel...
12/05/2026
CP Communications led a comprehensive spectrum management initiative on behalf of Churchill Downs during Kentucky Derby week, coordinating RF assets across the ...
12/05/2026
LiveU has announced a strategic partnership with DRONERESPONDERS, a 501(c)3 non-...
12/05/2026
Open Broadcast Systems has announced that BMC TV, a specialist in IP transport of broadcast content, has selected the Open Broadcast Systems 5G Flyaway solution...
12/05/2026
NEP Europe, part of NEP Group, has announced it will deliver broadcast solutions...
12/05/2026
Grass Valley has announced continued collaboration with Ravensbourne University ...
12/05/2026
Stats Perform has announced the launch of Opta Pulse, an AI-assisted video creation and distribution platform for leagues, rights holders, and broadcasters. The...
12/05/2026
FOX Sports has announced a collaboration with Sesame Workshop to integrate Sesame Street characters into FOX Sports' FIFA World Cup 2026 programming. Conten...
12/05/2026
To date, NHL Productions has produced 19 broadcasts with commentary in American Sign Language
NHL in ASL (American Sign Language) may be just one show, but the...
12/05/2026
Google's Brian Albert: creators, athletes, highlights, nostalgia, second-scr...
12/05/2026
A still from Past Lives by Celine Song, an official selection of the Premieres program at the 2023 Sundance Film Festival. (Courtesy of Sundance Institute | p...
12/05/2026
Spotify is where fans and artists come together, turning discovery into somethin...
12/05/2026
Features patented Marco-MMC clocking technology
Black Lion Audio's latest release combines the company's expertise in clocking with their renowned p...
12/05/2026
New Track Panel, sequencer upgrades & more
Following their recent public beta release, Reason Studios have announced the full release of Reason 14. With the...
12/05/2026
One month to go! SBS reveals expansive FIFA World Cup 2026 lineup beyond the pi...
12/05/2026
Rohde & Schwarz presents its advanced solutions for power electronics testing at...
12/05/2026
aconnic AG (ISIN: DE000A0LBKW6), Munich, has developed a modified fund raising p...
12/05/2026
Share
Copy link
Facebook
X
Linkedin
Bluesky
Email...
12/05/2026
Tyrell Corporation, specialists in high-end live sports and entertainment broadcasts, was tasked with delivering compelling broadcast coverage of premier equest...
12/05/2026
Registration is now open for IBC2026 as the global media, entertainment and technology community prepares to converge on the RAI Amsterdam from 11 14 September ...
12/05/2026
Ross Video, a global leader in live video production technology, will present its latest innovations and integrated production workflows at BroadcastAsia 2026, ...
12/05/2026
500 selected leaders from around the world across start-ups, corporates, and venture capital. Over 50bn in assets under management among attending investors, a...
Just as there are widely understood empirical laws of nature - for example, what goes up must come down, or every action has an equal and opposite reaction - the field of AI was long defined by a single idea: that more compute, more training data and more parameters makes a better AI model.
