Transporting George R.R. Martin's fertile imagination from the page to the screen is no easy task - especially when that means creating three fully-grown CG fire-breathers. Thankfully, one of Game of Throne 's dragon wranglers, Pixomondo, has some experience with these beasts, having been on the show since season 2, and has the tools to keep them in check.
Murder, intrigue, Machiavellian scheming of the highest order - we've seen a great deal happen in the Seven Kingdoms and beyond over the past five years. And yet for all the unfurling of dramatic tension and heart-stopping plot twists, one of the most impressive elements of the show remains its CG centrepiece - the majestic dragons that emerged with Daenerys from that smoldering pyre.
Responsibility for the creation of these reptilian fire-breathers has been with VFX studio Pixomondo since season 2. During the second season, Pixomondo was the only vendor on the show, working on matte paintings, set extensions, dire wolf integrations, and more across all 10 episodes.
As the show has grown beyond a one-vendor setup, and those magnificent dragons have increased in both size and complexity, Pixomondo has become primarily responsible for the CG dragons, and as you would imagine, that's no mean feat.
The dragons started out as kitten-sized babies, then they grew to children, then teenagers - they've just become bigger and bigger, says Sven Martin, visual effects supervisor at Pixomondo. With that increase in size - and they really are big this year - there's much more screen space to cover, and that demands a much greater degree of complexity.
Rhaegal, Viserion and the hulking, black-scaled Drogon are indeed huge in season five, casting dominating shadows across the lands of Meereen and Old Valyria as they thump their wings against the sky. They also get up close and personal with Daenerys, demanding computational horsepower on a level not yet seen in the show.
We've got a lot of close-ups of the dragons, especially when they're coming into contact with Daenerys, meaning the facial performance has had to become much more evolved, says Martin of the creatures. We've really had to refine our facial rig a great deal.
And of course, having these digital creatures so close to the camera meant a total rebuild of the textures, he continues. For this season, all the individual scales were modeled individually and then attached to the surface itself, meaning the animators could move the skin without them deforming. Overall, these kind of enhancements have been huge - in season 4 we had about 74 textures for the whole dragon. In season five we're at about 740.
Across the Narrow Sea
The only feasible way to create three beasts of such complexity and size was to make sure everyone was working in sync - a proposition that can be quite difficult to achieve on a project as global as Game of Thrones .
With the Pixomondo team in Germany and the show's production visual effects team either in LA or preparing for shoots in Northern Ireland, Spain or Croatia, the latest in technology is required to keep everyone working as a single unit.
When working on the same project from different parts of the world like this, it's important to be connected, and have everyone on the same page - or frame, says Viktorija Ogureckaja, visual effects producer at Pixomondo. With cineSync, the sessions have helped to make things so much more efficient. Even though there are hundreds of kilometers separating us from the visual effects supervisor, Joe Bauer, and the visual effects producer, Steve Kullback, and we're living in different time zones, being able to talk about the same material right in front of us - it makes it feel like they're just a room away. The real-world measurements just don't matter anymore.
This global synchronisation allows the visual effects team to work across oceans and continents on every stage of the dragon creation process - even from the very earliest pre-production brainstorms: From the initial dragon design by Dan Katcher to scene blocking, animation and final compositing, cineSync is used to collaborate on all of the production stages of the dragons, says Martin. From the concept phase, we were doing a lot of cineSyncs together with the client. We share images a lot, even in the process of finding the right reference images in the animal world. We might like a certain texture on the back of a crocodile, for instance, so will want to mark out those specific areas.
For Martin, the visual nature and interactivity of the software is essential at this stage. Wordy, lengthy descriptions simply won't do the trick - especially not on the strict deadlines of an episodic television show.
Not only is writing insufficient to demonstrate abstract ideas, but descriptions in the form of an email would take a lot of time to explain your ideas in an understandable way - and there's the potential of losing time due to the time zone difference, especially if questions arise, he explains. This is where cineSync and features like annotations become very handy - a certain dragon pose might not be working, and you can immediately react on it and say change the tail to this side', and so on. It really is like sitting together at one table and drawing with pen on paper.
Once the concept of the adult dragons had been decided on, next came the sculpting, modeling and texturing of the model proper. Even at this technical stage, cineSync plays an important role in selling the dragon models to the viewer.
We often prepare close-up turntable renders of the different elements that make up the dragons, which we can then use in a cineSync session for discussions, says Martin. For example, we might want to judge the subsurface scattering of certain skin parts of the inn
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Transporting George R.R. Martin's fertile imagination from the page to the screen is no easy task - especially when that means creating three fully-grown CG fire-breathers. Thankfully, one of Game of Throne 's dragon wranglers, Pixomondo, has some experience with these beasts, having been on the show since season 2, and has the tools to keep them in check. 
