Perseverance Pays Off in Fight Against Deadly Lassa Virus

Perseverance Pays Off in Fight Against Deadly Lassa Virus TSRI Investigation Reveals First-Ever Image of Elusive Viral Protein

The new study included (left to right) first author Kathryn M. Hastie, senior author Erica Ollmann Saphire and co-author Michelle A. Zandonatti of The Scripps Research Institute. (Photo by Madeline McCurry-Schmidt.)

LA JOLLA, CA June 1, 2017 Before Ebola virus ever struck West Africa, locals were already on the lookout for a deadly pathogen: Lassa virus. With thousands dying from Lassa every year and the potential for the virus to cause even larger outbreaks researchers are committed to designing a vaccine to stop it.

Now a team led by Staff Scientist Kathryn Hastie and Professor Erica Ollmann Saphire at The Scripps Research Institute (TSRI) has solved the structure of the viral machinery that Lassa virus uses to enter human cells. Their study, published June 2, 2017 in the journal Science, is the first to show a key piece of the viral structure, called the surface glycoprotein, for any member of the deadly arenavirus family.

Importantly, the new structure provides a blueprint to design a Lassa virus vaccine.

This was a tenacious effort over a decade to conquer a global threat, said Ollmann Saphire, senior author of the new study.

Arenavirus Structure Had Never Been Seen Before

This story starts with a young graduate student in San Diego and leads all the way to Sierra Leone, to a unique hospital where Lassa fever victims arrive by the thousands every year.

When Hastie joined Ollmann Saphire's lab as a graduate student in 2007, she told her thesis committee she wanted to solve the structure of the assembled arenavirus glycoprotein, something never done before. Maybe it was my graduate student naivet , but I thought it sounded interesting, said Hastie.

The thesis committee looked at her and said, good luck!' Ollmann Saphire remembered.

In biology, solving a structure means determining its shape in 3D. Hastie planned to solve the structure of the Lassa virus glycoprotein using a technique called x-ray crystallography, in which researchers prompt protein molecules from a virus to align and form a crystal. When x-rays hit the electrons in the crystal, they create a diffraction pattern that reveals the organization of the crystal and the molecular structure of the protein that formed it. By solving the structure of the Lassa virus glycoprotein, Hastie hoped to create a map of the target on the virus where antibodies need to attack a key step in developing a vaccine.

X-ray crystallography depends on having a stable protein, yet all the Lassa virus glycoprotein wanted to do was fall apart.

The problem was that glycoproteins are made up of smaller subunits. Other viruses have bonds that hold the subunits together, like a staple, Hastie said. Arenaviruses don't have that staple; instead, the subunits just floated away from each other whenever Hastie tried to work with them.

Another challenge was to recreate part of the viral lifecycle in the lab a stage when Lassa's glycoprotein gets clipped into two subunits. We had to figure out how to get the subunits to be sufficiently clipped and where to put the staple to make sure they stayed together, Hastie said.

Meeting Patients in West Africa

As Hastie tackled those challenges from her lab bench in San Diego, staff at the Kenema Government Hospital in Sierra Leone labored on the front lines of the ongoing fight against Lassa.

Until the 2014 15 Ebola virus outbreak, Kenema was the only hospital in the world to have a special ward dedicated to treating hemorrhagic fever viruses. Staff at the clinic from the nurses to the ambulance drivers are all Lassa survivors, which gives them immunity to the disease. Scientists at TSRI have a long-term collaboration with Kenema as part of a research program run by Tulane University. We have an excellent working relationship with them, said Hastie.

The laboratory building at the Kenema Government Hospital in Sierra Leone. (Photo courtesy Erica Ollmann Saphire.)

Through this program, their Tulane collaborators, particularly James Robinson's group, provided the TSRI scientists with antibodies from survivors of Lassa fever. These antibodies could inactivate the virus and have been found to provide lifesaving protection to animal models. These are the kinds of antibodies researchers are hoping to elicit with a future Lassa virus vaccine.

In 2009, Hastie got to visit Kenema on a trip with Ollmann Saphire. Driving up to the hospital, the team saw the staff laundry hanging outside. Inside, scientists and staff were hard at work treating patients and studying Lassa.

I had been working on the project for two years with very little success at that point, Hastie said. Going to West Africa showed me how important it was to keep going.

Like Ebola virus, Lassa fever starts with flu-like symptoms and can lead to debilitating vomiting, neurological problems and even hemorrhaging from the eyes, gums and nose. The disease is 50 to 70 percent fatal and up to 90 percent fatal in pregnant women.

In between her hours studying samples in the clinic lab, Hastie visited nearby villages, where she met ecologists investigating how rodents spread the disease. In one village, locals gave the team a goat as a thank-you gift for their efforts to fight the disease.

Both Hastie and Ollmann Saphire found it bizarre that Lassa strikes so many people every year without making news headlines. Studying Lassa is critically important. Hundreds of thousands of people are infected with the virus every year, and it is the viral hemorrhagic fever that most frequently comes to the United States and Europe, said Ollmann Saphire. Kate's study needed to be done.

Success in Solving the Structure

It took several more years before Hastie saw promising results, but her pe

LINK:	http://www.scripps.edu/news/press/2017/20170531ollmannsaphire.html...
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