Ask broadcasters about IP in their facility and you are bound to get conflicting stories. These stories will range from I never put plant video over IP to I use IP everywhere, 100 percent. My take is that neither extreme is true. To understand this, let's look at how IP crept into the die-hard, baseband-centric broadcast facility. We'll examine where IP is fully entrenched today, where it isn't in use, and why.
Figure 1. Plant wiring and equipment placement is traditionally based on workflows.
First off, let's get everyone on the same page. We all know IP is Internet protocol, but it clearly gets confused with IT, information technology. This leads to confusion about networking, and Ethernet in particular. Broadcasters who deal with IP on a daily basis often still think with a coax mindset, getting signals from source A to destination B. The differences go beyond the electrical specs. Ethernet is full-duplex, packet-based, and can be routed in a seemingly random manner that results in packets being received out of order and culminating in significant amounts of jitter and timing difficulties in genlocked facilities.
Breaking down a facility into a few key functions helps to pinpoint where IP is in use today and better understand how the shift to 100 percent IP will ultimately happen over time.
Business systems were the early adopters, and by this I mean back-office systems like scheduling, ad sales, traffic and billing, which have been part of the IT world for decades. They are connected using IP with either proprietary interfaces or standardized protocols such as BXF (Broadcast eXchange Format, or SMPTE-2021).
Those dealing in written communication, logs, alerts and even task and project delegation quickly adopted e-mail as the central driving force, driving the demand for LANs to be built to communicate between desktop computers and mail servers. Although this was a positive force, as I will describe shortly, the shift had negative ramifications for IP in broadcast facilities.
Editing and graphics systems were the first to actually get IP into workflows. Now these suites are rapidly becoming 100 percent file-based operations. Sure, a few VTRs are used here and there, but this is no longer the norm. Files are transferred around using IP, from editing systems to archive and playout servers, using MXF and other file formats.
News operations also quickly got into the mix, using IP-interconnected systems to run teleprompters, keep track of stories, operate cameras and studio lighting remotely, and manage both video and graphics. MOS has been the interface of choice here.
Plant ingest and playout are interesting hybrid animals. In looking at what is really going on, it is no wonder there is uncertainty about IP. File-based video comes into the plant via IP or satellite, often into a catch server. This server transfers clips, often via baseband SDI, into archive and playout systems. More advanced operations stick with files and move these directly into the server for playout.
Why do so many facilities still transfer these files in the baseband domain? I pin it down to two reasons: comfort and the lack of file format compatibility. There are so many flavors of file formats with different audio and video encoding schemes that most servers cannot guarantee 100 percent playout reliability. So the solution is pretty simple. If you want to keep operations reliable, use SDI and suffer through the multiple-pass encode/decode artifacts.
Why do we have so many different compression formats? This is both historical and application-dependent. Some applications require low latency; others don't care about latency at all. Some are concerned about bandwidth and storage consumption, while others are focused on maintaining quality.
On a practical note, the aforementioned uses of IP don't involve real-time, full-bandwidth video streams. IP is being used mainly for files, control and various types of data being transferred about.
It is essential to look at some realistic calculations to understand the value of IP technology transporting full-bandwidth SD, HD and UHD signals around a facility. Considering the full-bandwidth streaming video rates that we have in plants today and going forward into the future against Ethernet rates, you can see that GigE is only practical for standard-definition video running at 270 Mb/s (see table 1). To be realistic, a facility needs, at a minimum, 10 GigE network capacity.
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Ask broadcasters about IP in their facility and you are bound to get conflicting stories. These stories will range from I never put plant video over IP to I use IP everywhere, 100 percent. My take is that neither extreme is true. To understand this, let's look at how IP crept into the die-hard, baseband-centric broadcast facility. We'll examine where IP is fully entrenched today, where it isn't in use, and why. 
