To forget or to remember? Memory depends on subtle brain signals, scientists find

To forget or to remember? Memory depends on subtle brain signals, scientists find JUPITER, Fla. Nov. 21, 2017 The fragrance of hot pumpkin pie can bring back pleasant memories of holidays past, while the scent of an antiseptic hospital room may cause a shudder. The power of odors to activate memories both pleasing and aversive exists in many animals, from humans to the humble fruit fly.

Scientists on the Florida campus of The Scripps Research Institute (TSRI), writing in the journal Cell Reports, detailed how the intricate biochemical mechanism for storing scent-associated memories differs slightly from a less-understood mechanism for erasing unnecessary memories.

Understanding how brains actively erase memories may open new understanding of memory loss and aging, and open the possibility of new treatments for neurodegenerative disease.

In multiple ways, the processes of forgetting and remembering are alike. In fruit fly models of odor-associated learning, both the saving and erasure of memories involves dopamine activation of the brain cells. This clue in flies is important for understanding the human brain.

The olfactory systems of flies and humans are actually quite similar in terms of neuron types and their connections, said study leader Ron Davis, Ph.D., co-chair of TSRI's Neuroscience Department.

Also, in both cases, activation of the neurons causes them to make an identical messenger molecule, cyclic AMP, leading to a cascade of activity within the cell, either building or breaking down memory storage, added Davis.

So how do the cells know when they are getting a forgetting signal verses an acquisition signal? That was the huge, perplexing question, Davis said.

TSRI Professor Kirill Martemyanov, Ph.D., and Staff Scientist Ikuo Masuho, Ph.D., found that a type of signaling protein in neurons played a role. Masuho and Martemyanov screened a panel of these signaling proteins, called G proteins, against cells that expressed two key receptors known to be involved in memory and forgetting.

The TSRI team found one G protein, called G alpha S, that latched on to a neural dopamine receptor called dDA1, associated with memory formation. They found a different G protein, called G alpha Q, linked up with a nearby dopamine receptor called Damb, associated with the machinery of forgetting.

The next question was whether those two different G proteins could be controllers of the fly brain's memory machinery. To find out, the researchers silenced genes involved in the production of the G alpha Q protein in the flies. The flies with the protein silenced were exposed to odors in aversive situations and sent through mazes to see how well they remembered to turn away in the presence of the scent.

If you removed G alpha Q, the flies should not forget, and indeed, they did not, Davis said. They remembered better.

It appears in flies that some level of forgetting is a constant, healthy process, he said.

The idea is, constantly as we learn information, there is a slow process that whittles away memories, and it continues whittling them away unless another part of the brain signals the memory is important and overrides it, Davis said.

It may be that the process of acquiring and forgetting memories ebbs and flows in a state of balance, he said. Important memories like the taste of mom's pumpkin pie might be forever retained, but trivialities like what you wore 10 years ago can fade into oblivion without consequence.

If you have too much memory that is old and unnecessary, why keep them around? Why shouldn't you have a system for removing those for optimal function of the brain? Davis asked. We're getting all this information, all this learning during the day, and the brain may be saying, No, no, bring me back to my basal, my happy state.'

Many questions remain to be solved, Davis noted. We need to figure out what is downstream walk down the pathway to find the complete signaling system for forgetting, he said. We are very early in this research.

In addition to Davis, other authors of the study, Dopamine Receptor DAMB Signals via Gq to Mediate Forgetting in Drosophila, include first authors Sophie Himmelreich and Ikuo Masuho, as well as Jacob A. Berry, Courtney MacMullen, Nickolas K. Skamangas and Kirill A. Martemyanov.

Research in the Davis laboratory was supported by grants 4R37NS019904, 5R01NS052351, and 1R35NS097224 from NINDS. Research in the Martemyanov laboratory was supported by grants DA036596 and DA026405 from NIDA, and MH105482 from NIMH. The authors thank TRiP at Harvard Medical School (NIH/NIGMS R01-GM084947 ) and Janelia Farms for providing transgenic fly stocks used in this study.

About The Scripps Research Institute

The Scripps Research Institute (TSRI) is one of the worlds largest independent, not-for-profit organizations focusing on research in the biomedical sciences. TSRI is internationally recognized for its contributions to science and health, including its role in laying the foundation for new treatments for cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, hemophilia, and other diseases. An institution that evolved from the Scripps Metabolic Clinic founded by philanthropist Ellen Browning Scripps in 1924, the institute now employs more than 2,500 people on its campuses in La Jolla, CA, and Jupiter, FL, where its renowned scientists including two Nobel laureates and 20 members of the National Academies of Science, Engineering or Medicine work toward their next discoveries. The institutes graduate program, which awards PhD degrees in biology and chemistry, ranks among the top ten of its kind in the nation. In October 2016, TSRI announced a strategic affiliation with the California Institute for Biomedical Research (Calibr), representing a renewed commitment to the discovery and development of new medicines to address unmet medical needs. F

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